My research projects help to address the following UN Sustainable Development Goals:
The phrase 'buried but not forgotten' captures Dr. Brachman's unique expertise on measuring the physical response of landfill geosynthetics (both thin plastic liners called geomembranes, and thin layers of clay soil contained by industrial fabrics called geosynthetic clay liners) and buried structures (e.g., pipes, culverts) using innovative large-scale experiments, field studies and numerical analysis. His unique scholarly contributions are related to determining the effects of stress, temperature, chemicals and time on soil-structure interactions that directly impacts how well, and how long, these important components of our buried infrastructure perform their function.
His research has been recognized with four Best Paper Awards for works published in the Canadian Geotechnical Journal (2010), Geotextiles and Geomembranes (2008, 2006), and Geosynthetics International (2007). He has received the Geosynthetics Award from the Canadian Geotechnical Society in 2010, the 2006 Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium also from the Canadian Geotechnical Society, the 2005 Chancellor's Research Award from Queen's and a Premier's Research Excellence Award from the Province of Ontario in 2004. Dr. Brachman is also a proud recipient of two Teaching Awards from his students in Civil Engineering.
Education
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) - Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario (1999)
Bachelor of Engineering Science (BASc) - Civil Engineering, The University of Western Ontario (1993)
Academic Experience
Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta
Physical response of landfill geomembranes
Dr. Brachman has conducted and directed award winning research on the physical response of landfill geomembranes (thin polymer liners). The geomembrane (GM) needs to be protected from physical damage from the overlying coarse gravel when buried beneath the waste. There was a paucity of data on what tensions develop in GMs from the coarse gravel required in Ontario landfills and what can be done to limit these tensions. By devising and conducting specialized laboratory testing, Brachman and his students have: quantified the distribution and magnitude of gravel contacts acting on the GM (Brachman and Gudina 2008); demonstrated that tensions are made worse when a wrinkle is present in the GM (Gudina and Brachman 2006); quantified wrinkle deformations and strains from vertical pressure (Brachman and Gudina 2008, Gudina and Brachman 2006); demonstrated that geotextiles selected solely to prevent puncture do not limit tensions to allowable levels; and developed protection layers that effectively limit GM tensions (Dickinson and Brachman 2008). Brachman, his collaborators and students also have: developed solutions to quantify leakage through holes in wrinkles (Rowe et al. 2004); devised techniques to quantify GM wrinkles in the field (Take et al. 2007); and constructed a large-scale field site to monitor wrinkles (Brachman et al. 2007). Dr. Brachman was selected to present a keynote address at the 2006 Canadian Geotechnical Conf. (Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium) based on this work. He is also a co-author of the leading book on landfill barrier systems used by practicing engineers (Rowe et al. 2004).
On-going and future research includes the assessment of allowable tensile strain levels for GMs, investigating the implications of wrinkle-free installations on the long-term performance of GMs, measuring the physical response of aged GMs and quantifying the physical response under enormous vertical pressures
CIVL 340 - Geotechnical Engineering I
CIVL 443 - Geoenvironmental Design
CIVL 842 - Advanced Foundation Design
CIVL 848 - Landfill Design
Refereed journal publications
Gudina, S., and Brachman, R.W.I. 2011. Geomembrane strains from wrinkle deformations, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 29(2): 181-189.
Krushelnitzky, R.P. and Brachman, R.W.I. 2011. Antioxidant depletion in high-density polyethylene pipes exposed to synthetic leachate and air, Geosynthetics International, 18(2): 63-73
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Brachman, R.W.I. 2011. Design and performance of plastic drainage pipes in environmental containment facilities, Journal of ASTM International, 8(8) doi: 10.1520/JAI102852.
Moore, I.D., Brachman, R.W.I., Cholewa, J.A., and Chehab, A.G. 2011. Axial response of HDPE pipes as a result of installation by directional drilling, Journal of ASTM International, 8(3) doi: 10.1520/JAI102911.
Cholewa, J.A., Brachman, R.W.I., and Moore, I.D. ;2011. Axial stress-strain response of HDPE from whole pipes and coupons, ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 23(10): 1377-1386.
Rowe, R.K., Rayhani, M.H.T., Take, W.A., Siemens, G., and Brachman, R.W.I. 2011. GCL hydration under simulated daily thermal cycles, Geosynthetics International, 18(4): 196-205.
Rayhani, M.H.T., Rowe, R.K., Brachman, R.W.I., Take, W.A., and Siemens, G. 2011. Factors affecting GCL hydration under isothermal conditions, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 29(5): 525-533.
Brachman, R.W.I., and Sabir, A. 2010. Geomembrane puncture and strains from stones in an underlying clay layer, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 28(4): 335-343.
Dickinson, S., Brachman, R.W.I., and Rowe, R.K. 2010. Thickness and hydraulic performance of geosynthetic clay liners overlying a geonet, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136(4): 552-561.
Brachman, R.W. I., McLeod, H.A., Moore, I.D., and Take, W.A. 2010. Three-dimensional ground displacements from static pipe bursting in stiff clay, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 47(4): 439-450.
Cholewa, J.A., Brachman, R.W.I., and Moore, I.D. 2010. Effectiveness of viscoelastic models for prediction of tensile axial strains during cyclic loading of high-density polyethylene pipe, ASCE J. Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice, 1(2): 77-83.
Rowe, R.K., Islam, M.Z., Brachman, R.W.I., and Arnepalli D.N. 2010. Antioxidant depletion from an HDPE geomembrane under simulated landfill conditions, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136(7): 930-939.
Dickinson, S., and Brachman, R.W.I. 2010. Permeability and internal erosion of a GCL beneath coarse gravel, Geosynthetics International, 17(3): 112-123.
Bostwick, L., Rowe, R.K., Take, W.A., and Brachman, R.W.I. 2010. Anisotropy and directional shrinkage of geosynthetic clay liners, Geosynthetics International, 17(3): 157-170.
Cholewa, J.A., Brachman, R.W.I., and Moore, I.D. 2010. Stress-strain measurements for HDPE pipe during and after simulated installation by horizontal directional drilling, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 25(6): 773-781.
Brachman, R.W.I., Moore, I.D., and Mak, A.C. 2010. Ultimate limit state of a deep-corrugated large-span box culvert, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2201: 55-61.
Krushelnitzky, R.P., and Brachman R.W.I. 2009. Measured deformations and calculated stresses of high-density polyethylene pipes under very deep burial, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 46(6): 650-664.
Cholewa, J.A., Brachman, R.W.I., and Moore, I.D. 2009. Response of a PVC water pipe when transverse to the replacement of an underlying pipe by pipe bursting, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 46(11): 1258-1266.
Cholewa, J.A., Brachman, R.W.I., Moore, I.D. and Take, W.A. 2009. Ground displacements from a pipe bursting experiment in well-graded sand and gravel, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 135(11): 1713-1721.
Munro, S.M., Moore, I.D., Brachman, R.W.I. 2009. Laboratory testing to examine deformations and moments in fiber reinforced cement pipe, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 135(11): 1722-1731.
Brachman, R.W.I., Gudina, S. 2008. Gravel contacts and geomembrane strains for a GM/CCL composite liner, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 26(6): 448-459.
Brachman, R.W.I., Gudina, S. 2008. Geomembrane strains and wrinkle deformations in a GM/GCL composite liner, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 26(6): 488-497.
Dickinson, S., Brachman, R.W.I. 2008. Assessment of alternative protection layers for a GM/GCL composite liner, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 45(11): 1594-1610.
Brachman, R.W.I., Moore, I.D., and Munro, S.M. 2008. Compaction effects on strains within profiled thermoplastic pipes, Geosynthetics International, 15(2): 72-85.
Take W. A., Chappel, M. J., Brachman R. W. I., and Rowe R. K. 2007. Quantifying geomembrane wrinkles using aerial photography and digital image processing, Geosynthetics International, 14(4): 219-227.
Lapos, B., Brachman, R.W.I., and Moore, I.D. 2007. Response to overburden pressure of an HDPE pipe pulled-in-place by pipe bursting, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 44(8): 957-965.
Gudina, S., and Brachman, R.W.I. 2006. Physical response of geomembrane wrinkles overlying compacted clay, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(10): 1346-1353.
Dickinson, S., and Brachman, R.W.I. 2006. Deformations of a geosynthetic clay liner beneath a geomembrane wrinkle and coarse gravel, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 24(5): 285-298.
Brachman, R.W.I., and Krushelnitzky, R.P. 2005. Response of a landfill drainage pipe buried in a trench,Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 42(3): 752-762.
Brachman, R.W.I., Martin, C.D., and Gilliss, S.A. 2004. Grout field trials in outwash sands, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 41(1): 1-11.
Zhang, G., Robertson, P.K., and Brachman, R.W.I. 2004. Estimating liquefaction-induced lateral displacements using the standard penetration test or cone penetration test, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130(8): 861-871.
Rowe, R.K., and Brachman, R.W.I. 2004. Assessment of equivalence of composite liners, Geosynthetics International, 11(4): 273-286.
Martin, C.D., Brachman, R.W.I., and Karim, M. 2003. Estimating ground displacements for a tunnel in sand using discrete element modelling, Journal of Canadian Tunneling Canadien, 189-195.
Brachman, R.W.I., and Krushelnitzky, R.P. 2002. Stress concentrations around circular holes in perforated drainage pipes, Geosynthetics International, 9(2): 189-213.
Zhang, G., Robertson, P.K., and Brachman, R.W.I. 2002. Estimating liquefaction-induced ground settlements from CPT for level ground, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 39(5): 1168-1180.
Brachman, R.W.I., Moore, I.D., and Rowe, R.K., 2001. The performance of a laboratory facility for evaluating the structural response small diameter buried pipes, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 38(2): 260-275.
Brachman, R.W.I., Moore, I.D., and Rowe, R.K., 2000. The design of a laboratory facility for evaluating the structural response of small diameter buried pipes, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 37(2): 281-295.
Brachman, R.W.I., Moore, I.D., and Rowe, R.K., 2000. Local strain on a leachate collection pipe, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 27: 1273-1285.
Tognon, A.R.M., Rowe, R.K., and Brachman, R.W.I. 1999. Evaluation of sidewall friction for a buried pipe testing facility, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 17: 193-212.
Brachman, R.W.I., and Moore, I.D. 1999. Numerical integration during Fourier Integral analysis,International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 23: 1309-1318.
Brachman, R.W.I., Moore, I.D., and Rowe, R.K., 1996. Interpretation of a buried pipe test: Small diameter pipe in the Ohio University facility, Transportation Research Record, 1541: 64 - 70.
Moore, I.D., and Brachman, R.W.I., 1994. Three dimensional analysis of flexible circular culverts, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 120 (10): 1829-1844.
Book
Rowe, R.K., Quigley, R.M., Brachman, R.W.I., and Booker, J.R. 2004. Barrier Systems for Waste Disposal Facilities, Taylor & Francis / Spon, London, U.K., 579 p.
Refereed book chapters
Brachman, R.W.I., 2007. Capacity of Shallow Foundations, 4th ed., Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual, Chapter 10, Eds D.E. Becker and I.D. Moore, Canadian Geotechnical Society, BiTech Press, Richmond, B.C., pp. 150-157.
Brachman, R.W.I., 2007. Settlement of Shallow Foundations, 4th ed., Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual, Chapter 12, Eds D.E. Becker and I.D. Moore, Canadian Geotechnical Society, BiTech Press, Richmond, B.C., pp. 158-180.
Rowe, R.K., and Brachman, R.W.I., 1994. Geosynthetics in Waste Containment Applications, Engineering Materials for Waste Isolation, CSCE Special Publication of the Engineering Materials Division, Chapter 1, Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, pp. 1-36.
Refereed conference publications (full papers and entire paper reviewed)
Sabir, A., and Brachman, R.W.I. 2011. Design of a new test apparatus to simulate the long-term response of a geomembrane beneath a gravel contact, 64th Can. Geotech. Conf., Toronto, CD-ROM, 7 p.
Brachman, R.W.I., Rowe, R.K., Irfan, H., and Gudina, S. 2011. High-pressure puncture testing of HDPE geomembranes, 64th Can. Geotech. Conf., Toronto, CD-ROM, 7 p.
Joshi, P., Brachman, R.W.I., and Rowe, R.K. 2011. Heat-tacked overlap strength of four GCLs, 64th Can. Geotech. Conf., Toronto, CD-ROM, 7 p.
Elshimi, T.M., Mak, A.C., Brachman, R.W.I. and Moore I.D. Behaviour of a deep-corrugated large-span box culvert during backfilling, 64th Can. Geotech. Conf., Toronto, CD-ROM, 7 p.
Taghizadeh Saheli, P., Rowe, R.K., Rutter, A. and Brachman, R.W.I. 2011. Diffusive transport of bisphenol-A through an HDPE geomembrane, 64rd Can. Geotech. Conf., Toronto, CD-ROM, 5 p.
Brachman, R.W.I., Joshi, P., Rowe, R.K. and Gudina, S. 2011. Physical response of geomembrane wrinkles near GCL overlaps, Geo-Frontiers 2011, Dallas, TX, USA, pp. 1152-1161.
Taghizadeh Saheli, P., Rowe, R.K., Rutter, A. and Brachman, R.W.I. 2011. ; Sorption and diffusive transport of PBDE through an HDPE geomembrane, Geo-Frontiers 2011, Dallas, TX, USA, pp. 1141-1151.
Brachman, R.W.I., Moore, I.D., and Mak, A.C. 2010. Ultimate limit state of a deep-corrugated large-span box culvert, 7th Int. Bridge Eng. Conf., Transportation Research Board, San Antonio, Texas, USA, Volume 2, 55-61.
Brachman, R.W.I., Gudina, S., Rowe, R.K. and Take, W.A. 2010. Adhesion from supplemental bentonite placed at GCL overlaps, 63rd Can. Geotech. Conf., Calgary, 1359-1364.
Mak, A.C., Brachman, R.W.I. and Moore, I.D. 2009. Measured response of a deeply corrugated box culvert to three dimensional surface loads, Transportation Research Board Annual Conference, Washington D.C., Paper No. 09-3016, 14 pp.
Brachman, R.W.I., Rowe, R.K., Take, W.A., Arnepalli, D., Chappel, M., Bostwick, L., Beddoe, R. 2007. Queen's geosynthetic liner site, 60th Can. Geotech. Conf., Ottawa, 2135-2142.
Brachman, R.W.I., Sabir, A. 2007. Preliminary assessment of the physical response of a double composite GM/CCL liner, 60th Can. Geotech. Conf., Ottawa, 2143-2148.
Bostwick, L., Rowe, R.K., Take, W.A., Brachman, R.W.I. 2007. Shrinkage of a non-scrim reinforced geosynthetic clay liner, 60th Can. Geotech. Conf., Ottawa, 2123-2128.
Take, W.A., Arnepalli, D., Brachman, R.W.I., Rowe, R.K. 2007. Laboratory and field calibration of TDR probes for water content, 60th Can. Geotech. Conf., Ottawa, 1865-1871.
Gudina, S. and Brachman, R.W.I. 2006. Effect of Boundary Conditions on Deflection of GM Wrinkles in a GM/GCL Composite Liner, 8th International Conference of Geosynthetics, Yokohama, Japan, September 18-22, pp. 255-258.
Moore, I.D., Brachman, R.W.I., and Munro, S. 2005. Measured Effects of Burial Condition on Lined-Corrugated Polymer Pipes, Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, USA, January 10-12, 16 p.
Lapos, B., Brachman, R.W.I., and Moore, I.D. 2004. Laboratory Measurements of Pulling Force and Ground Movement During a Pipe Bursting Test, NO-DIG 2004, North American Society for Trenchless Technology, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 22-24, 2004, 10 p.
Gudina, S., Brachman, R.W.I., and Vardy, S. 2003. A Method to Quantify Gravel Contacts Acting on Geomembranes, 56th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Winnipeg, MB, pp. 459-464.
Dickinson, S., and Brachman, R.W.I. 2003. Thickness of a GCL Beneath a Geomembrane Wrinkle and Coarse Gravel Backfill under Large Pressure, 56th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Winnipeg, MB, pp. 465-472.
Moore, I.D., Brachman, R.W.I., Rowe, R.K., and Tognon, A., 1998. Analysis of Pipe Structures in Soil Test Cells - Biaxial Pipe Testing at The University of Western Ontario, Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, USA, January 1998.
Brachman, R.W.I., Rowe, R.K., Moore, I.D., and Tognon, A., 1998. Laboratory Investigation of the Effect of Coarse Drainage Stone on the Performance of Leachate Collection Pipes, Sixth International Conference on Geosynthetics, Atlanta, GA, USA, IFAI, pp. 191-196.
Brachman, R.W.I., Moore, I.D., and Rowe, R.K., 1996. Analysis of Pipe Structures in Soil Test Cells - Small diameter pipe in the Ohio University facility, Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, USA, January 1996.
Non-refereed contributions (full papers)
Brachman, R.W.I. 2011. Lessons learned from geomembranes in MSW landfills, Mines and the Environment, Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, 8 p.
Rahman, K, Moore, I.D., and Brachman, R.W.I. 2011. Numerical analysis of the response of adjacent pipelines during static pipe bursting, North American Society for Trenchless Technology. No-Dig 2011, Washington, D.C., Paper A-4-03, 10 p.
Moore, I.D., Brachman, R.W.I., Elshimi, T. and Rahman, K. 2011. Analysis and testing to characterize the strength of buried infrastructure, 13th Int. Conf. of the Int. Assoc. for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, Melbourne, Australia, 6 p.
Rayhani, M.H.T., Rowe, R.K., Take, W.A., Brachman, R.W.I., G. Siemens, Prototype modeling of GCL hydration and shrinkage under simulated field conditions, Geosynthetics 2009, Cd-rom.
Chappel, M.J., Take, W.A., Brachman, R.W.I., Rowe, R.K. 2008. A case study of wrinkles in a textured geomembrane on a slope, Geoamericas 2008, Cancun, Mexico, March, 452-458.
Brachman, R.W. I., Rowe, R.K., Arnepalli, D.N., Dickinson, S., Islam, M.Z., and Sabir, A. 2008. Development of an apparatus to simulate the ageing of geomembranes under chemical exposure, elevated temperatures and applied stresses, Geoamericas 2008, Cancun, Mexico, March, 444-451.
Bostwick, L.E., Rowe, R.K, Take, W.A and Brachman, R.W.I 2008. Observations of the dimensional stability of four GCL products under combined thermal and moisture cycles, Geoamericas 2008, Cancun, Mexico, March , 435-443.
Rayhani, M.H.T., Rowe, R.K., Brachman, R.W.I. Siemens, G. and Take, A. 2008. Closed-system investigation of GCL hydration from subsoil, 61st Can. Geotech. Conf., Edmonton, 324-328.
Chappel, M. J., Brachman R. W. I., Take W. A., and Rowe R. K. 2007. Development of a low altitude aerial photogrammetry technique to quantify geomembrane wrinkles, Geosynthetics 2007, Proc. Environmental Conference, Washington, D.C., pp. 293-300. [Winner, Best Student Paper, North American Geosynthetics Society].
Cholewa, J.A., Brachman, R.W.I., Moore, I.D. 2006. Influence of HDD installation on the stress-strain response of HDPE pipe, NO-DIG 2006, Brisbane, Australia, 8 p.
Krushelnitzky, R.P., and Brachman, R.W.I. 2005. Laboratory Tests on an HDPE Pipe Under Enormous Overburden Pressure, 58th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Saskatoon, SK, 7 p.
Lapos, B., Brachman, R.W.I., and Moore, I.D. 2004. Replacement Pipe Deflections Under Vertical Pressure, 57th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Québec City, QC, 6 p.
Dickinson, S., and Brachman, R.W.I. 2004. Local Deformation Of A Geosynthetic Clay Liner From an Isolated Gravel Contact, 57th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Québec City, QC, 5 p.
Krushelnitzky, R.P., and Brachman, R.W.I. 2003. Large Scale Laboratory Test of a Leachate Collection Pipe in a Trench, 56th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Winnipeg, MB, pp. 536-541.
Krushelnitzky, R.P., and Brachman, R.W.I. 2002. Effect of Backfill Configuration on the Structural Response of Leachate Collection Pipes, 55th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Niagara Falls, ON, pp. 557-564.
Brachman, R.W.I., and Gudina, S. 2002. A New Laboratory Apparatus for Testing Geomembranes under Large Earth Pressures, 55th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Niagara Falls, ON, pp. 993-1000.
Brachman, R.W.I., Gilliss, S.A., Martin, C.D., and Cherniawski, M.J. 2001. Observations From Field Grout Trials in Outwash Sands, 54rd Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Calgary AB, Cd-rom.
Zhang, G., Robertson, P.K., and Brachman, R.W.I. 2001. Estimating Liquefaction-induced Lateral Displacements for Level ground with a Free Face from SPT or Cpt Data, 54rd Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Calgary AB, Cd-rom.
Brachman, R.W.I. 2001. Tensile Stresses and the Long Term Durability of PE Pipes, Tailings and Mine Waste '01, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 201-210.
Brachman, R.W.I., Rowe, R.K., and Moore, I.D. 2000. Design of Drainage Pipes for Landfill Leachate Collection Systems, Proceedings of the 2000 Annual Conference of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, June 8-10, London, Ontario, pp. 82-88.
Zhang, G., Robertson, P.K., and Brachman, R.W.I. 2000. Application of a CPT-Based Method to Estimate Liquefaction Induced Ground Settlements, 53rd Canadian Geotechnical Conference of the Canadian Geotechnical Society, Montréal, Québec, pp. 841-848.
Brachman, R.W.I., Moore, I.D., Lo, K.Y., and Ansari, N., 1998. Performance of a Shoring System with Tie-Back Anchors, 51st Canadian Geotechnical Conference of the Canadian Geotechnical Society, Edmonton, Alberta, pp. 439-446.
Brachman, R.W.I. 1997. Hoop compression testing of HDPE leachate collection pipe. Geosynthetics '97, IFAI, Long Beach, CA, USA, pp. 337-350.
Brachman, R.W.I., Rowe, R.K., and Moore, I.D., 1997. Laboratory testing of perforated leachate collection pipes. Proceedings of the 1997 Annual Conference of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, May 27-30, Sherbrooke, Québec, pp. 113-122.
Brachman, R.W.I., Moore, I.D., Rowe, R.K., and Tognon, A., 1997. Structural performance of leachate collection pipes. Recent Advances Relating to the Design of Leachate Collection Systems, Co-sponsored by the Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA) - Ontario Chapter and Geotechnical Research Centre, The University of Western Ontario, 25 April 1997, London, Ontario, 9 pages.
Brachman, R.W.I., Moore, I.D., and Rowe, R.K., 1996. A new laboratory facility for evaluating the performance of small diameter buried pipes. Proceedings of the 1996 Annual Conference of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta, pp. 72-83.
Moore, I.D., Laidlaw, T.C., and Brachman, R.W.I., 1996. Test cells for static pipe response under deep burial. 49th Canadian Geotechnical Conference of the Canadian Geotechnical Society, St. John's, Newfoundland, pp. 737-744.